Antibacterial Activity and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Fractionated Ethanolic Extract of Psidium guajava Leaf against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolated from Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infection in Kano State
Muhammad Ali, Sani Bello Gambo, Abubakar U. Zage, Idris Sani Ibrahim
Citation: Muhammad Ali, Sani Bello Gambo, Abubakar U. Zage, Idris Sani Ibrahim, "Antibacterial Activity and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Fractionated Ethanolic Extract of Psidium guajava Leaf against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolated from Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infection in Kano State", OAS Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, Volume 01, Issue 01.
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infections remain major public health concerns, particularly in developing countries where antimicrobial resistance has reduced the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This study investigated the antibacterial activity and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) profile of fractionated ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella obtained from patients with gastrointestinal tract infections in Kano State, Nigeria. The antibacterial activity of each fraction was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth dilution method. The most active fraction was subjected to GC–MS analysis for the identification of bioactive compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against both E. coli and Salmonella, producing significantly larger zones of inhibition than the other solvent fractions (p < 0.05). The antibacterial activity increased with increasing extract concentration. The MIC values of the most active fraction were 6.25 mg/mL against E. coli and 12.50 mg/mL against Salmonella, while the corresponding MBC values were 12.50 mg/mL and 25.00 mg/mL, respectively. GC–MS analysis identified several bioactive constituents, including phytol, caryophyllene oxide, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 1-docosene, and 1-octadecene, compounds previously reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. It is concluded that the fractionated ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava, particularly the ethyl acetate fraction, possess significant antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Escherichia Coli, Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Phytochemicals, Psidium Guajava, Salmonella.
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